midterm review

TERMS

ID Section (60 pts). Twelve of the following items will appear on the midterm. You will be required to identify each and explain its historical significance.

Big Bang
Doppler Effect
Magnetoshpere
Natural Selection
The Cambrian Explosion
Milankovitch Cycles
Paleolithic
Late Pleistocene Extinctions
Holocene
Neolithic Revolution(s)
Fertile Crescent
Mesopotamia
K.A. Wittfogel
"Hydraulic Civilization"
Ma'at
Karma
The Mandate of Heaven
Silk Road
Indian Ocean Trade Network
Swidden Agriculture
Zheng He
Hernán Cortés
Francisco Pizarro
The Columbian Exchange
Smallpox
Daedalus and Icarus
Francis Bacon
René Descartes
Isaac Newton
The Royal Society
British East India Company
Carolyn Merchant
Thomas Malthus
Manchester, England
Lowell, Massachusetts
The Potato Famine
The Market Revolution
The Industrial Revolution
"Carboniferous Capitalism"
Henry David Thoreau
Ernst Haeckel
"American Progress" (John Gast, 1872)
George Perkins Marsh
Mary Austin
Eotechnic
Paleotechnic
Neotechnic
Lewis Mumford
1893 World's Fair
"The Dynamo and the Virgin"
Hugo Gernsback
Gifford Pinchot
John Muir
Hetch Hetchy
Fritz Haber
Thomas Midgley
Technocracy
TVA
1939 World's Fair
Margaret Sanger
Fairfield Osborn
William Vogt
Aldo Leopold
"fierce green fire"
The Land Ethic
Paul Crutzen
The Anthropocene


ESSAY (40 pts.) One of the following topics will appear on the midterm.


ESSAY TOPICS

X. Consider each of following trends in world history over past five centuries, and assess which single development has had the greatest role in creating the conditions for what Paul Crutzen calls the Anthropocene: a) the rise of European colonialism, b) the articulation of the scientific method, c) the shift from wood to fossil fuels.

Y. Because of her 1962 book Silent Spring, Rachel Carson is often considered the founder of the modern environmentalist movement, but she was certainly not the first person who could be called an environmentalist. Consider the careers of at least three individuals before Carson who wrote about the value of wilderness and/or warned about the ecological consequences of human activity. Among the individuals you consider in this essay, which one would you say did the most to advance environmental consciousness before the publication of Silent Spring?